Civil Engineering

ENGINEERING MECHANICS STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Ø   In this we assume that the body is perfectly rigid (the type of material which doesn’t undergo any change in geometry of the body when load is applied). Ø   In this we assume that the body is perfectly elastic (the type of material which undergoes change in geometry of the body when load is applied) Ø   It deals with the study of external force & their effect on rigid body. Ø   It deals with the effect of external force & their effect as internal resting force in bodies. Ø   In rigid body, stress will develop but no strain. Ø   In deformable bodies both stress and strain will develop. Note- Concept of Ideal body or rigid body is hypothetical and it doesn’t exist.    

 * English Bond in Brick Masonry Wall This is most commonly used wall, for all thickness and considered to be strongest . This bond consist of alternate courses of headers and stretchers .  In this bond joints of header course come over each other, similarly joints of stretcher course come over each other. A queen closer is used after first header (qunion header) in each header course to break vertical joints in successive courses.

 * Header Bond in Brick Masonry Wall Header bond is the one in which all the bricks are laid as headers ( It is the shorter face of brick i,e 9cm X 9cm ) on the faces of walls. This pattern is used only when the thickness of wall is equal to one brick (i,e 19 cm). Overlap is usually kept equal to half the width of brick (i,e 4.5 cm). It is achieved by using three-quarter brick bats in each alternate courses as quoins. This bond does not have strength to transmit pressure in the direction of the length of the wall , it is unsuitable for load bearing walls . It is useful for curved brick work .

 * Stretcher Bond in Brick Masonry Wall Stretcher bond is one in which all the bricks are laid as stretchers ( It is the longer face of brick i ,e 19CM X 9CM ) on the faces of walls. This bond is used for those walls which have thickness of Half Brick ( i, e. 9 cm) .  Such as Partition Walls ,Sleeper Walls, Division Walls etc.

  TRANSPORTING, PLACING, COMPACTION AND CURING OF CONCRETE-AS PER IS-456-2000 *Transporting and Handling 1.      After mixing, concrete shall be transported to the formwork as rapidly as possible by methods which will prevent the segregation or loss of any of the ingredients or ingress of foreign matter or water and maintaining the required workability. *Placing of Concrete- 1.      The concrete shall he placed and compacted before initial setting of concrete commences and should not be subsequently disturbed. 2.        Methods of placing should be such as to preclude segregation . 3.        Care should be taken to avoid displacement of reinforcement or movement of formwork. 4.        As a general guidance, the maximum permissible free fall of concrete may be taken as 1.5 m. *Compaction of Concrete- 1.      Concrete should he t...

  REINFORCEMENT SPLICING – AS PER IS 456 -2000 It Is recommended that splices (Lap) in flexural member should not be at sections where the bending moment is more than 50 percent of the moment of resistance; and not more than half the bars shall be spliced at a section. Where more than one-half of the bars are spliced at a section or where splices are made at point of maximum stress, special precaution shall be taken, such as increasing the length of lap and/or using spirals or closely-spaced stirrups around the length of the splice. Notes:- 1.      Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36 mm ; for larger diameters, bars may be welded; in cases where welding is not practicable, lapping of bars larger than 36 mm may be permitted, in which case additional spirals should be provided around the lapped bars. 2.      Lap splices shall be considered as staggered if the centre to centre distance of the splices is not less th...